If we set aside the personalities involved in the Travyon Martin and George Zimmerman tragedy and ask ourselves, what went wrong, the first thing we should all realize is that two wrongs don't make a right. Nor do ten wrongs. The conflict between the two men illustrate's a basic conflict between the rights of the individual and the rights of society and the American system of human rights. See my answer to "What is the worst threat to our liberty?"

If we live in an apartment or condominium complex subject to theft, ask the management to install better protections including outdoor lighting and locks. There are alternatives that are minimal cost.

If we ask ourselves, "How do you behave when an angry person accosts you?" the answer should involve some basics. The first basics are about safety.

• Don't walk in unlit areas after dark. Move to lit areas if possible.
  
• Do not approach someone acting oddly or with anger.
  
• If we feel the person accosting us is nuts, we should place a 911 call.
  
• Also, if we are close to parents, we should let them know we feel in danger so that maybe they can come and rescue us.
  

If we have a chance to run away from someone threatening us, we should do so. If they have a gun, keep our distance.

If we have no way of avoiding the person, answer with politeness. If we say, "Yes, sir, I have a right to be here, can we call the police? I'll wait." a lot of tension disappears.

Courtesy is always the first protection people have in society. Courtesy shows we are in control of our own emotions and actions.

Why do we have to answer someone yelling or angry?

The answer is we don't. But there are many good reasons why we should. The first is to find out why? People don't address us without a reason. It may feel like an invasion of our privacy, but sometimes their needs for help or safety overrule our needs.

The reason that Jesus said to turn the other cheek, is that is how we all survive in an increasingly populated world.

What are the basics of courtesy?

• Answer questions when asked.
  
• Say please with a request.
  
• Say thank you when provided a service or gift.
  
• Say hello when encountering a stranger.
  
• Meet the eyes of people who say hello or address us, offer an open hand.
  
• Ask and answer questions honestly without suspicion.
  

Why show courtesy? So people like us and help us and we are all safe.

I am a world traveler. As such, the way natural disasters by different International Organizations and Nation States may be managed differently and could occur while out of the country like the floods of Angra dos Reis in Brazil (CNN, 1) last year or the way it is afflicting Rio de Janeiro, this year (Queiroz, 1).

My family lives in active volcano territory and I live in an area with frequent hurricanes. On my 21st birthday, Mt. St. Helens blew up, spreading ash throughout eastern WA, causing flooding along the rivers, halting highway traffic, causing the deaths of a dozen people who refused to leave the area when the state closed the area, and stopping flights. When I worked at Boeing, we had volcano drills to cover equipment such as aircraft engines, machinery and the like.

The FAA regulates US airspace, the EU European airspace and various other international organizations play a role. The International Civil Aviation Organization regulates and sets the standards for worldwide aviation economic activity under the UN’s Economic and Social Council (Pease, 18). Multinational Corporations dealing with the aviation industry may be affected by natural disasters that affect worldwide airspace, such as Aircraft Manufacturers like Boeing, subcontractors like Honeywell and Airport Management operations like the Port of Seattle or companies that provide equipment to the airport like Raytheon.

Within the nation-states where the disaster occurs, the disaster may be responded to in different ways. In the case of the recent flooding in Brazil, Brazil’s President toured the area and promised to deliver swift relief aid. The Brazilian Army was responsible for the rescue of families and delivery of aid including money, food, clothing and vaccines against tetanus and diphtheria and their Civil Defense Agency is involved(Queiroz, 1).

In the rains of 2012, one of Brazil’s power plants was affected but they maintained operations (CNN, 1).

When non-citizens are killed in a foreign country, the embassy, and Multinational Corporations dealing with emergency health airlift and insurance may be involved.

Nuclear power plants are subject to regulation by the nation-state and by the International Atomic Energy Agency under the UN’s General Assembly (Pease, 18). In really large disasters, the World Health Organization, under the UN’s Social and Economic Council may monitor the situation (Pease, 18).

International Nongovernmental Organizations like the Red Cross may also get involved, as they did in 2010’s flooding in Brazil.  The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies also provided money from the IFRC Disaster Relief Emergency Fund (IFRC, 1) with donations to the organizations being provided by a worldwide membership. It is scary to note that repercussions and aid were still being offered over 4 months later. Other NGOs like Doctors without Borders, the Catholic Church and other ministries may be involved in aid (Pease, 35) especially if epidemics occur or spread as in the case recently reported for Haiti or if many people are displaced. But not all countries allow outside NGO help, like in the case of Cyclone Nargis in 2008,(Pease, 34).

[1] Sergio Queiroz, “Brazil rains kill more than 600 as epidemic feared”, Reuters, Jan 15, 2011
[2] CNN,”Death toll in Brazil rains hits 60”, CNN, January 2, 2010
[3] IFRC, “Brazilian Red Cross responds to worst floods in 40 years”. April 9, 2010
[4] Kelly-Kate S. Pease, International Organizations, Pearson, 2010 

Thomas Mun was a servant of the King of England according to his address to the king. His job was as a merchant and by his explanation it is clear that he had the responsibility for managing the king’s wealth. A search on the web turned up the fact that he was the head of the East India Company at a time when they were using quantities of silver to pay the Chinese for their goods[1].

The word mercantilism comes from the word merchant, which is defined as someone who buys and sells goods or services for profit according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary. Mercantilism was the name for the era of the times from 1600-1800, and when Kings were interested in maintaining their lands free from invasion by having a strong army. For this they needed gold or silver. 

The Photography above is of the CSS Acadia, used by the Canadian Hydrographic Service for Research Surveys along Eastern Canada and in Hudson Bay from 1913-1969. She's docked in Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Thomas Mun (1571-1641) explains the system by which the government’s officers taxed merchants and citizens to supplement the King’s treasury.  He also describes how restrictions on imports and the export of surplus helped insure that a trade balance was held so that the King’s ledgers had a positive value. The payments i.e. the gold or silver wasn’t deemed as important as the trade in goods but he acknowledged that prices responded to the demand-supply curve and that money fluctuated based on each country’s relative wealth.

Thomas Mun thought that the King’s power came from how well he treated his countrymen and how the king was able to keep the populace happy i.e. low taxes and secure from invasion and at work getting paid. In order to pay for the overhead costs of running an army, the King needed more trade of exported goods and so less imports and expenditures to help justify low taxes.

My reaction to Thomas Mun’s work was wow, how cool that he understood a full market system at such an early date and that the government was fully cognizant of the available methods for taxing the population and working with merchants to finance the needs of the state. Later, after thinking about the model, it seems primitive in that it doesn’t examine the interactions that occur between states very well except from a point of advantage. It also shows the roots of colonialism in his explanation of monopolies in controlling access to the English market and the threats from competing societies for raw resources.

Who Was a Leading Anti-Mercantilist and Pre-Classical Theorist?

My answer is David Hume(1711-1776), because his “Political Discourses (1752) and Essays (1758) preceded the work of Adam Smith (1723-1790)[5]. Friedrich List ( came later, but his work “The National System of Political Economy” shows that he was doggedly anti-free trade, perceiving that until an economy had economic surplus available for trade that free trade tended to enslave the workers in an endless cycle of delivering resources in exchange for trade goods at a decided disadvantage[6]. Alexander Hamilton would have been very sympathetic to Friedrich List’s point of view since Hamilton protected US industries initially and imposed import restrictions. I believe that even Adam Smith would agree since he specifically speaks of the surplus goods to be traded and the necessity of protecting the nation.

[1] Thomas Mun, “Englands Treasure by Forraign Trade”, http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/mun/treasure.txt

[5] History of Economic Thought, http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/hume/index.html

[6] Friedrich List, National System of Political Economy, Chapter 34, http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/List/lstNPE34.html#Book IV, Chapter 34

[7] Hamilton’s Financial Plan, US History.org, http://www.ushistory.org/us/18b.asp

The drawing of the model isn't very beautiful but it shows the major players in a Mercantile economy that Thomas Mun discusses in great detail. The main feature is that government (provided by the King and his Army) was required to keep business safe and secure. So anywhere business was performed, the King's Army would be there protecting business men. To do that, required money. How the king got his money was he taxed every transaction in the economy including:

• People for their labor to business or the army
• Banks for their services they supplied
• Businesses and their products
• Products and their sale
• People for using the bank
• Businesses for the exchange of products
• Service of providing the army

What everyone got back from government was a service (which changes meaning over time depending on the current model of the economy).

by Sheri Fresonke Harper



I.          Overview of the Development Chapter of Real World Globalization

The major theme of the Real World Globalization Chapter on Development is that global poverty affects billions of people around the world and that something should be done. They complain that neoliberal trade policies were not helping the situation at all, especially if they “encourage government cutbacks and privatization” as noted by one author on the subject of reducing infant mortality [2, p. 205].

In terms of an International Political Economy model, the Development Chapter of Real World Globalization shows limited coverage of the full scope of an ideal state, international organization activity, regional development or any complete part i.e. its governance (see charts and notes below), economy, security and finances, or the information and technology used by the state, or even the effect on an ideal citizen. As such, although individual pieces or even thoughts might encourage a reader to think about the issues, they don’t shed much light.

The authors of the articles are mostly professors from US colleges, with a few having influential positions in organizations dealing with economics and political science.

II.         How the Chapter Articles Map against the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals

One specific target all of the essays address is how a state meets the Millennium Development Goals established in 2000 by the United Nations.

Millennium Goal[12, p. 210-11]                                                         Article

1 Eradicate extreme poverty by ½ and who suffer from hunger            [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

2 Universal primary education for boys and girls                                [1][3][4][7][9]

3 Promote gender equality for women                                               [4]

4 Reduction of child mortality rate                                                    [1][2]

5 Improve maternal health care                                                        [2][3][7][10]*

6 Combat AIDS and infection diseases                                            [2][3][7][10]*

7 Focus on sustainable development                                               [1]

8 Build global partnership for development                                        **

The good news about the UN’s Millennium Goals is that the writers are paying attention and thinking about the issues. Sadly, the two goals that one would expect to be in a chapter about development, i.e. the focus on sustainable development and the building global partnerships for development are not included, and in fact are addressed mostly by the complaint that neoliberalization policies are not helping. Nor do they express a preference for export driven development or import-substitution development [11, 316].

Notes:

*           Most refer to the health care system but don’t do any coherent analysis of how the article connects to the health care system

**         Nothing was mentioned except “common knowledge” neoliberal policies without stating which ones.

III.        How the Chapter Articles Map Against Theoretical and Critical Views and an Economic Model of Transactions

An International Political Economy model is often viewed from a number of critical viewpoints. In reading the essays it is helpful to know which articles take advantage of each. It is important to take a hard look at exactly what critical viewpoints are tested in an article especially since the use of critical models arose in additive fashion over time, with criticism focusing on those parts of an overall economic model that were missing in other viewpoints with any one model lacking all the transactional analysis methods.

Critical Viewpoint/or               Transactional Analysis                                    Article Pro(+) or Con(-) or 
General Historic Period                                                                                                          Not Addressed                                                                     

Mercantilist                                                                     

•                                       Government savings[11, p. 22]                                            NA
•                                       Government taxing of imports and exports[11, p. 23],    

                                              subsidies on export [11, p. 25]                                             [1]

•                                       Security of transported trade and state borders [11, p. 22]      NA
•                                       Land use, resource use[11, p.24]                                                                                                                           and ownership by elite, tenant                                             [1][9][10]
•                                       Investment of Capital by Elite or Government?                        [3]

•                                       Improvements in production technology [11, p. 24]                  [3]

•                                       Colonial Charter granting land[11, p. 23]                                 [1]
•                                       Taxation of labor                                                                   [1]
•                                       Taxation of sales                                                                  NA
•                                       Governance [11, p. 22]                                                          NA
•                                       Subsidies on products[11, p.23]                                             [5-][6-+]

•                                       Taxation on Transport                                                            NA
•                                       State ownership of production??                                             NA

•                                       Standard Money                                                                   NA
•                                       Commodity market                                                               NA

Economic Nationalist

•                                        Improvements in transport, production technology  

                                               (National and Elite Capitalized?)                                            NA

•                                        Trade protection (subsidies) for infant industries[11, p.24]       [8+]
•                                        Trade education [11, p. 25]                                                    +
•                                        Nationalism provides “catch up” motivation [11, p. 25]             NA
•                                        Seek foreign markets for products [11, p.26]                          NA but why not?
•                                        Elite ownership of production [11, p. 39]                                NA
•                                        State bank [11, p. 39]                                                          NA
•                                        Ownership protection of production via license, 
  

                                                exclusive franchise, tariff [11, p. 41]                                      NA

•                                        Gold Standard Money                                                          NA
•                                        Stock market … government war bonds                                 NA

Liberal

•                                         International investment by IMF, World Bank                         [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]                                                                                                                                   All negative about rules but                                                                                                                                   positive about the money.
•                                        Social programs funded by government [p.37]                       [10]
•                                        Private ownership of land[p.11, 38]                                       [9][10]

•                                       Limited government subsidies, export taxes               

                                               and import tariffs [p. 11, 38]                                                 [1-][2-][3-][4-][5-][6-][7-]

•                                       Dollar Standard Money                                                        NA
•                                       Minimized government interference with the market
  

                                               i.e. remove tariffs                                                                [1-][2-][3-][4-][5-][6-][7-]

Marxist

•                                       State production and planning of production [11, p.]                NA

•                                       State ownership of land                                                        [8-]

•                                       Core-periphery                                                                     [1+]

•                                       Dependency Theory                                                             [9][5][6]]

Neoliberal

•                                       Multinational organization production                                      NA
•                                       Multinational organization sales                                             [1-10-]
•                                       Free Float Money                                                                 NA
•                                       Most favored nation reduction of tariffs                                    NA

Feminist

•                                       Improving Women’s Opportunities                                         [4]

Rational Choice

•                                      Rent seeking                                                                      NA
•                                      Public choice                                                                      [9]

Notes on the Mapping of the Articles to the Pillars of International Political Economy

The discussions are very light in terms of coverage of the entire model. Missing from International Governance is any discussion of NGOs, MNCs, or Regional Governing Bodies and most bodies of the United Nations except the IMF and World Bank. Missing from the discussion in most articles is any discussion on how information and technology could be used to address development in the article except for the issue of copyrights at the WTO. Missing from State Governance is any discussion of the role of leaders and the allocation of state money to produce services for the populace, except as it applies to land ownership and Bolsa Famillia. Missing from most articles is any discussion of the role of the state’s internal and external security. The economy is dealt with very lightly, skipping over most transactions and focusing on just a few. Missing from the Finances section is any connection from the use of finances via specific programs except in the area of loans and to who receives the money in what form and how they are put to use except in the article on microcredit[3] nor is the role of currency mentioned.

V.         How the Chapter Articles Map to the Study of a State, Region or the World

In terms of geography, the Development chapter devotes itself primarily to development of the less developed countries, many in South America, Sub Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia, although it includes some of the newly developed countries like Brazil, China, India, Thailand, and Malaysia, but all mostly in the South. The North’s global powers are mostly viewed through the lens of the IMF and World Bank and their policies and occasionally the United Nations or the World Trade Organization.

          Article Title                                                                                              Countries Considered

1        “World History and Economic Development”                      China, Japan, West
2        “Is Decreasing Infant Mortality Due to Neoliberal Policies”  Chile, Cuba, South Korea, Sub Saharan Africa, US, Japan
3        “Measures of Global Poverty”                                            China, India
4        “Microcredit and Women’s Poverty”                                   Bangladesh
5        “Fair Trade and Farm Subsidies”                                       Central and West Africa, Mexico
6        “False Promises on Trade”                                               Brazil, Nicaragua, Argentina, India, China, Mexico
7       “Inequality Worsens Across Asia, Wall Street                    China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR,            Journal Cheers ”                                                              Philippines, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Viet Nam, Nepal
                                                                                               Nepal, Malaysia, Kazakstan, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Rep.                                                                                                of Korea, Armenia, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyz Republic
8        “How to Make Mud Cookies”                                            Haiti, US, Canada, Asia
9        “Reforming Land Reform”                                                 Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Madagascar, Japan
10       “Land Reform Under Lula, One Step Forward                    Brazil
           One Step Back”
Notes on the Mapping of the Articles to the Referenced States, Regions and World

For a good understanding of who is doing what, it helps to be clear and concrete. Many times “the Developed World” or the “West” is compared against a single state, and occasionally a few states without a complete comparison to the region, or a mish mash of countries used to try to paint a region with similar issues.

VI.        Discussion of Each Article in the Chapter

VI.1.     Capitalist Development Requires a Colony in “World History and Economic Development”

In “World History and Economic Development” the examination of China’s development compared to the Western world’s development, especially societal use of Malthus’ food, fiber, fuel and building materials [1, p.196] is evaluated. The major idea is that in the comparative examination of economic and social behavior of countries that developed in a dissimilar fashion, lessons could be learned and potentially applied to how a less developed state’s economy could be developed.

The important factors identified as dissimilar include fuel prices, ecology, reproductive rates and the availability of a hinterland or periphery. The authors contend that “High fuel prices matter” [1, p.197], since it determines whether or not a society will replace man power with machine fueled power and is directly a result of transportation costs. Colonial development also matters since it provides a special form of economic partnership where imports into the colony can aid development while exported resources help in the production of the home economy [1, p.200]. Reproduction rates were important since the rural based homes had higher reproductive rates than did urban laborers i.e. the “poorest men never married” [1, p.197], perhaps the main motivation behind the “industrious revolution”.

The main problem presented is that a core economy requires a periphery economy that supplies resources to fuel the means of production into large scale industrialization and development. One solution offered to the “horrific social costs” of development caused by the migration of rural workers into urban areas where their rights are questionable and they have difficulty supporting themselves is the “slower more labor than resource dependent East Asian” path to development. 

Key Concepts: Core-periphery economy, industrious revolution, population pressure, proletarian zed, colonial

VI.2.     IMF and World Bank Trade Policies Don’t Aid Millennium Goals in “Is Decreasing Infant Mortality Due to Neoliberal Policies”

How to accomplish the human security development goal of reducing infant mortality is raised in “Is Decreasing Infant Mortality Due to Neoliberal Policies”. The article finds that the IMF and World Bank neoliberal trade policy implemented in the past twenty years didn’t coincide with statistical changes in infant mortality in the examined state’s Millennium Goal reports. At one point the author suggests the possibility that social services, particularly neonatal and prenatal care were more likely to have reduced infant mortality than free trade policies, at least for Chile [2, p.204].

Key Concepts: Neonatal care, prenatal care, economic stagnation

VI.3.     Poverty Not Reduced in “Measures of Global Poverty”

The difficulty of defining a measure of global poverty i.e. a monetary amount regarded as essential to providing the “food, clothing, shelter and anything else people change” [3. p. 208] is discussed in “Measures of Global Poverty”. The underlying problem examined is poverty with issues related to social status, buying power, and education identified. The premise “are neoliberal trade policies aiding the reduction of global poverty?” is raised, with statistics presented showing little change in poverty levels. Article 7 implies that people are buying, even impoverished, so how to incorporate them into a monetary society might be the true question about development in these states. I thought the explanations for the problems with a definition for poverty were well-explained.

Key Concepts: Poverty measurement, extreme poverty, distribution of income

VI.4.     Status of Women in “Microcredit and Women’s Poverty” Not Improved

Microcredit and Women’s Poverty examines the Grameen Bank system of offering impoverished woman loan’s for under $100 to start small businesses and its affect on poverty and the global economic system. The problem of interest rates on debt being much higher for person’s of reduced circumstances. The method the Grameen Bank uses to insure repayment is made is to use peer pressure (and maybe group help) since other women in the “loan circle” of women won’t receive loans if one fails to pay. The main problem that is targeted is poverty, especially for women, and the article talks about their difficulty in getting education, hours worked, and their role in the community. I don’t necessarily agree with the conclusion.

Key Concepts: Grameem Bank, loan circle, microcredit

VI.5.     Debt Burden Remains despite “Fair Trade and Farm Subsidies”

Despite the promise of neoliberal free trade policies improving the amount of trade, for undeveloped countries, debt still remain and direct foreign investment is minimal due to the economic downturn. The less developed states would like the US farm subsidies removed because it prevents them from taking any advantage of their exports due to price drops. US Farm subsidies for cotton are found to be especially troublesome for Central and West Africa and for corn, Mexico.  

An alternate view would say that the World Trade Organization was the exact place for these countries to discuss their loss due to unfair agriculture subsidies in the US.

Key Concepts: Free trade, subsidy, tariff, dumping, consumer cost

VI.6.     Farm Subsidies Importance in World Trade Misleading in “False Promises on Trade”

US subsidies to farmers is a misleading side track at the WTO Doha Round compared to issues such as the IMF playing the role of a creditor’s cartel, i.e. keeping loans away from states that don’t accept free trade policies and the copyright protections for drugs, recordings and computer software, all of which impact developing countries fighting rising cultivation costs. The authors suggest that allowing developing countries to protect their exports while the developed world reduced their farm subsidies would probably help the developing world from falling deeper into debt would allow the talks to go forward.

The article lacked clarity i.e. it started from one slant and switched mid article.

Key Concepts: Subsidy, creditor’s cartel

VI.7.     GINI Coefficients Show Faster Development of Free Trade Increases Distribution Curve in “Inequality Worsens Across Asia, Wall Street Journal Cheers”

GINI coefficients for many Asian countries are used to show that inequality has increased with rapid trade development and that is primarily due to internal state policies about social programs such as education, land reform, worker wages i.e. the state’s cut these programs in order to speed development but the impoverished pay the price. The authors suggest don’t cut social programs to speed development as inequity can lead to instability.

I found the charts confusing with different data i.e. different countries [7, p. 222-5], data that was calculated but the calculation not explained clearly [7, p. 223], data that seemed meaningless mapped [7, 222] and missing information i.e. the middle income range on the low / high income chart [7, p.224]

Key Concepts: GINI, Asian Development Bank, redistribution

VI.8.     Free Trade Satire in “How to Make Mud Cookies”

How to Make Mud Cookies is a satire of how feeding the impoverished can be freely traded around the world. No solution is suggested except perhaps that a closer look is needed about what can be done to help the impoverished.

Key concept: satire

VI.9.     Elite Own the Land despite “Reforming Land Reform”

Ownership and land use management by the people for the people is proposed as a more workable solution for countries developing land reform policies in order to feed people and minimize ecological damage.  The article is written as if by an economic nationalist since the emphasis is on how wrong most of the policies proposed by the World Bank are for Nepal and how it is better to become self-sufficient than to seek better export profits by becoming monoculture via free trade. Although land law was mentioned, no explanation for how tough land laws get set up and managed was provided.

Key Concepts: Land reform, redistributive land reform, market-assisted land reform, community-based land reform, scientific land reform, land ceiling, monoculture, REDD

VI.10.   Development Policies in “Land Reform under Lula: One Step Forward One Step Back”

The Landless Worker’s Movement has received less than promised under Lula in Brazil and although they support Lula’s Bolsa Familla Program where each family is given $115 incentive to keep children in school, they are becoming increasingly insistent and political in order to obtain needed land. For me, this article lacked a key piece of information, how many people were homeless, landless, and in poverty in Brazil and a member of the Landless Worker’s Movement. Also lacking was what the International Conference for Agrarian Reform proposed, discussed or decided.

Key Concepts: Landless Worker’s Movement, agribusiness, Bolsa familla, ICARRD

VII.       My Assessment and Reaction to the Chapter on Development in “Real World Development”

I really enjoyed reading “How to Make Mud Cookies”, since it is a modern satire. The purpose of satire is to produce guilt, which this one does effectively, while making a mockery of what has been done to aid poverty in Haiti and the rest of the world which isn’t enough.  It’s nice to complain that life isn’t perfect. But political writers should not just paint the problems that exist.

I found that despite the criticism that the Grameen Bank didn’t pull impoverished women from their place in society, that it had the blessing of being a complete transaction where someone bought and sold and exchanged money. If a country is not growing enough to feed the population they won’t be exporting soon, unless they take the agribusiness route. If they have no jobs, the government should be looking at what products are being built in the bartering system and what they can do to bring that product to market or exchange that product for another the same people could make. Also, less developed countries should encourage interaction with NGOs as a way to have less debt and still improve their ability to reduce poverty[11, p. 322].

Bibliography

1.    Ravi Bhandari, Kenneth Pomeranz, “World History and Economic Development : Lessons from New Comparisons of Europe and East Asia”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

2.    Arthur MacEwan, “Is Decreasing Infant Mortality Due to Neoliberal Policies?”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

3.    Arthur MacEwan, “Measures of Global Poverty”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

4.    Susan F. Feiner, Drucilla K. Barker, “Microcredit and Women’s Poverty”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

5.    Gawain Kripke, “Fair Trade and Farm Subsidies”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

6.    Dean Baker, Mark Weisbrot, “False Promises on Trade”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

7.    John Miller, “Inequality Worsens Across Asia, Wall Street Journal Cheers”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

8.    Maurice Dufour, “How to Make Mud Cookies”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

9.    Ravi Bhandari, Alex Lindhorn, “Reforming Land Reform”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

10.  Chris Tilly, Marie Kennedy, Tarso Luis Ramos, “Land Reform Under Lula: One Step Forward One Step Back”, Real World Globalization, Economic Affairs Bureau Dollars & Sense, 2009, www.dollarsandsense.org

11.  David N. Balaam, Michael Veseth, International Political Economy, Pearson, 2008

12.  Kelly-Kate S. Pease, International Organizations, Pearson, 2010 {Note: This was for ease of research I could have used the UN web site}

13.  {The author of our text makes a big deal about the pillars of International Political Economy without defining it so I used this article because the pillars are readily visible}